Reagents
It is well known that poly (I:C) stimulates innate immunity such as TLR3
(23). Thus, it was used for surrogate viral RNA such as rhinovirus (9).
We also used CpG oligonucleotides (CpG-ODN), TLR9 ligand replacement of
viral DNA. Both nucleic acid compounds were purchased from Novus
Biologicals (Littleton, CO, United States). IL-13 and IL-4 were
purchased from PeproTech (Rocky Hill, NJ, United States). IL-33 was
purchased from Wako Pure Chemical (Osaka, Japan). IL-37 and CC16 (Clara
cell secretory protein; a marker of bronchial lung epithelial cells)
were purchased from ProSpec (East Brunswick, NJ, United States) and R&D
Systems (Minneapolis, MN, United States), respectively. BAY 11-7082 (an
inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B
cells, NF-κB) was purchased from InvivoGen (San Diego, CA, United
States). Ruxolitinib, stattic (an inhibitor of signal transducer and
activator of transcription 3 [STAT3]), and LY294002 (a
phosphatidylinositol kinase-3 inhibitor) were purchased from Cayman
Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, United States). The chemotherapy agent,
fludarabine, was purchased from Wako Pure Chemical. The corticosteroid,
fluticasone propionate (FP), was purchased from Sigma (Saint Louis, MO,
United States). A Type I interferon (IFNs) neutralizing antibody mixture
was purchased from PBL Assay Science (Piscataway, NJ, United States).
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) for TLR3, interferon regulatory factor
(IRF) 3, RelA (a NF-κB subunit), JAK1, STAT6, extracellular
signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1, ERK2, Stealth RNAi siRNA Negative
Control Med GC Duplex #2, and Lipofectamine RNA iMAX Reagent were
purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, United States).