Population Bottleneck for P. falciparum but not P. vivax post-LLIN
Bottleneck analysis was performed using a two-phase mutational model (TPM) and testing for heterozygosity excess with a 2-tailed Wilcoxon sign rank test (see Materials and Methods). Significant heterozygosity excess was observed for P. falciparum in ESPII 2005 (but not in ESPI 2005), MAD 2006 and 2010 populations (p=0.020, p=0.049 and p= 0.010, respectively). However, for P. vivax s ignificant heterozygosity excess was only observed in a single pre-LLIN population, Wosera 2005 (p=0.042, these samples were collected in the relatively dry season) and not in any of the other P. vivax populations. Despite finding significant heterozygosity excess, a mode-shifted distribution of allele frequencies (as is frequently observed in bottlenecked populations) was not observed in any of the time points and provinces.