Data Source
We utilized data from the 2004-2015 National Cancer Database (NCDB), a deidentified dataset of adult and pediatric cancers in the United States.14 Comprising data from over 1500 hospitals, the NCDB captures demographics, tumor characteristics, diagnostic information, treatment modalities, and survival data for approximately 70% of incident cancer cases annually.14 The data that support the findings of this study are available from the National Cancer Database at https://www.facs.org/quality-programs/cancer/ncdb. These data were derived from the following resources available in the public domain: https://www.facs.org/quality-programs/cancer/ncdb/publicaccess. This study was deemed exempt from review by the Johns Hopkins Hospital Institutional Review Board.