References
1. Estrada CA, Young JA, Nifong LW, Chitwood WR Jr. Outcomes and perioperative hyperglycemia in patients with or without diabetes mellitus undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;75(5):1392-99.
2. Anderson RE, Brismar K, Barr G, Ivert T. Effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on glucose homeostasis after coronary artery bypass surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2005;28(3):425-30.
3. Velissaris T, Tang AT, Murray M, Mehta RL, Wood PJ, Hett DA, Ohri SK. A prospective randomized study to evaluate stress response during beating-heart and conventional coronary revascularization. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78(2):506-12.
4. Ouattara A, Lecomte P, Le Manach Y, Landi M, Jacqueminet S, Platonov I, et al. Poor intraoperative blood glucose control is associated with a worsened hospital outcome after cardiac surgery in diabetic patients. Anesthesiology. 2005;103(4):687-94.
5. Doenst T, Wijeysundera D, Karkouti K, Zechner C, Maganti M, Rao V, Borger MA. Hyperglycemia during cardiopulmonary bypass is an independent risk factor for mortality in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;130(4):1144.
6. Szabó Z, Håkanson E, Svedjeholm R. Early postoperative outcome and medium-term survival in 540 diabetic and 2239 nondiabetic patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;74(3):712-9.
7. McAlister FA, Man J, Bistritz L, Amad H, Tandon P. Diabetes and coronary artery bypass surgery: an examination of perioperative glycemic control and outcomes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(5):1518-24.
8. Carvalho G, Moore A, Qizilbash B, Lachapelle K, Schricker T. Maintenance of normoglycemia during cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 2004;99(2):319-24.
9. Subramaniam K, Sciortino C, Ruppert K, Monroe A, Esper S, Boisen M, et al. Remifentanil and perioperative glycaemic response in cardiac surgery: an open-label randomised trial. Br J Anaesth. 2020;124(6):684-92.
10. Lighthall GK, Singh S. Perioperative Maintenance of Tissue Perfusion and Cardiac Output in Cardiac Surgery Patients. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2014;18(2):117-36.
11. J-OC Dunn, MG Mythen, MP Grocott. Physiology of oxygen transport, BJA Education, 16(10): 341–348, 2016.
12. Duggan EW, Carlson K, Umpierrez GE. Perioperative Hyperglycemia Management: An Update. Anesthesiology. 2017;126(3):547-560. Erratum in: Anesthesiology. 2018 Nov;129(5):1053.
13. Huber W, Zanner R, Schneider G, Schmid R, Lahmer T. Assessment of Regional Perfusion and Organ Function: Less and Non-invasive Techniques. Front Med (Lausanne). 2019;6:50.
14. Schmeltz LR, DeSantis AJ, Thiyagarajan V, Schmidt K, O’Shea-Mahler E, Johnson D, et al. Reduction of surgical mortality and morbidity in diabetic patients undergoing cardiac surgery with a combined intravenous and subcutaneous insulin glucose management strategy. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(4):823-8.
15. Mills NL, Beaudet RL, Isom OW, Spencer FC. Hyperglycemia during cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Surg. 1973;177(2):203-205.
16. Shen C, Gu T, Gu L, Xiu Z, Zhang Z, Shi E, et al. Change in the perioperative blood glucose and blood lactate levels of non-diabetic patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery. Exp Ther Med. 2013;6(5):1220-4.
17. Gandhi GY, Nuttall GA, Abel MD, Mullany CJ, Schaff HV, O’Brien PC, et al. Intensive intraoperative insulin therapy versus conventional glucose management during cardiac surgery: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(4):233-43.
18. Hua J, Chen G, Li H, Hunt SL, Martin CT, Hebsur S, Ad N. Intensive intraoperative insulin therapy versus conventional insulin therapy during cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2012;26(5):829-34.
19. Desai SP, Henry LL, Holmes SD, et al. Strict versus liberal target range for perioperative glucose in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012 Feb;143(2):318-325. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.10.070.
20. Lazar HL, McDonnell MM, Chipkin S, Fitzgerald C, Bliss C, Cabral H. Effects of aggressive versus moderate glycemic control on clinical outcomes in diabetic coronary artery bypass graft patients. Ann Surg. 2011;254(3):458-63.
21. Pezzella AT, Holmes SD, Pritchard G, Speir AM, Ad N. Impact of perioperative glycemic control strategy on patient survival after coronary bypass surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2014 Oct;98(4):1281-1285. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.05.067.
22. Preiser JC, Chase JG, Hovorka R, Joseph JI, Krinsley JS, De Block C, et al. Glucose Control in the ICU: A Continuing Story. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2016;10(6):1372-81.
23. Das S, Ghosh K, Hazra A, Sen C, Goswami A. Is elevated blood glucose a marker of occult tissue hypoperfusion in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting? Ann Card Anaesth. 2018;21(4):393-401.
24. Sudy R, Petak F, Schranc A, Agocs S, Blaskovics I, Lengyel C, Babik B. Differences Between Central Venous and Cerebral Tissue Oxygen Saturation in Anaesthetised Patients With Diabetes Mellitus. Sci Rep. 2019; 24;9(1):19740.
25. Stephens EH, Epting CL, Backer CL, Wald EL. Hyperlactatemia: An Update on Postoperative Lactate. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg. 2020;11(3):316-24.
26. Maillet JM, Le Besnerais P, Cantoni M, Nataf P, Ruffenach A, Lessana A, Brodaty D. Frequency, risk factors, and outcome of hyperlactatemia after cardiac surgery. Chest. 2003;123(5):1361-6.
27. Greco G, Kirkwood KA, Gelijns AC, Moskowitz AJ, Lam DW. Diabetes Is Associated With Reduced Stress Hyperlactatemia in Cardiac Surgery. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(3):469-477.
Table 1: Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population