|
Frequently |
Occasionally |
Never |
Unknown |
Not recommended Intervention14–17,31,32 |
Not recommended Intervention14–17,31,32 |
Not recommended Intervention14–17,31,32 |
Not recommended Intervention14–17,31,32 |
Not recommended Intervention14–17,31,32 |
Short wave diathermy |
22 (5.2) |
254 (60.0) |
147 (34.8) |
|
Ultrasound therapy |
70 (16.5) |
269 (63.6) |
84 (19.9) |
|
Infrared radiation |
65 (15.4) |
305 (72.1) |
53 (12.5) |
|
Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation |
98 (23.2) |
289 (68.3) |
36
(8.5) |
|
Mechanical traction |
25 (5.9) |
352 (83.2) |
46 (10.3) |
|
Paracetamol |
12 (2.8) |
298 (70.4) |
113 (26.7) |
|
Bed rest |
107 (25.3) |
284 (67.1) |
32 (7.6) |
|
Partially recommended intervention33,42–44 |
Partially recommended intervention33,42–44 |
Partially recommended intervention33,42–44 |
Partially recommended intervention33,42–44 |
Partially recommended intervention33,42–44 |
Exercise therapy |
391 (92.4) |
30 (7.1) |
2 (0.5) |
|
Spinal manipulation |
88 (20.8) |
305 (72.1) |
30 (7.1) |
|
Massage |
62 (14.7) |
236 (55.8) |
125 (29.6) |
|
Acupuncture |
8 (1.9) |
132 (31.2) |
283 (66.9) |
|
Yoga |
18 (4.3) |
132 (31.2) |
273 (64.5) |
|
Superficial heat |
144 (34.0) |
253 (59.8) |
26 (6.1) |
|
Postural education |
383 (90.5) |
36 (8.5) |
4 (0.9) |
|
Back belt |
37 (8.7) |
354 (83.7) |
32 (7.6) |
|
Recommended intervention14–16,33 |
Recommended intervention14–16,33 |
Recommended intervention14–16,33 |
Recommended intervention14–16,33 |
Recommended intervention14–16,33 |
Cognitive behavioral therapy |
47 (11.1) |
192 (45.4) |
71 (16.8) |
113
(26.7) |
Mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy |
30 (7.1) |
174 (41.1) |
60
(14.2) |
159 (37.6) |
Interdisciplinary rehabilitation |
78 (18.4) |
203 (48.0) |
44 (10.4) |
98 (23.2) |