Figure legends
Figure 1. Flow diagram of patients enrollment and procedure.
Figure 2. Procedure details of ‘upgraded 2C3L’ approach. A. LA voltage mapping before EI-VOM during AF; B. The upper panel shows the course of VOM (white arrow), and the lower panel shows contrast staining after ethanol infusion (surrounded by white dashed line); C. LA voltage mapping shows the low-voltage area in the anterior and inferior left PVA and in the upper MI; D. Shows the RF lesion sets. RF application is not performed in the anterior and inferior left PVA and in the upper MI (white dashed line). E. LA voltage after the completion of both EI-VOM and RF ablation under sinus rhythm. LL: left lateral view; PA: posterior-anterior view; RAO: right anterior oblique view; LA: left atrium; EI-VOM: ethanol infusion into the vein of Marshall; AF: atrial fibrillation; RF: radiofrequency; SR: sinus rhythm; PVA: pulmonary vein antrum; MI: mitral isthmus.
Figure 3. Procedure details of ‘2C3L’ approach using RF energy alone. A. LA voltage mapping before ablation during AF; B. Lesion sets of initial ablation; C. LA voltage after initial ‘2C3L’ ablation during AF, MI block was not achieved after cardioversion; D. Additional ablation was further performed in the MI, left lateral ridge and CS to achieve MI bidirectional block. E. LA voltage under sinus rhythm after PVAI and bidirectional block across three ablation lines. LL: left lateral view; PA: posterior-anterior view; LA: left atrium; AF: atrial fibrillation; RF: radiofrequency; SR: sinus rhythm; CS: coronary sinus; MI: mitral isthmus.
Figure 4. K-M curve showing survival free from AF/AT recurrence with or without AAD in both groups