Phenomenology
Baizabal-Carvalho and Jankovic compared phenomenology of tics and comorbidities in males and females with GTS \cite{Baizabal-Carvallo2022b}. Males represented 77.6% of the cohort comprising 201 GTS patients. No differences regarding frequency, distribution and complexity of tics were detected. Males with GTS had higher frequency of ADHD. In children with TS, males not only had higher rate of ADHD than females, but also had higher frequency of complex motor tics and earlier age at onset than females. These differences were not detected in adults with GTS, since tic complexity increases in females with aging.
Males and females with tics were also compared as part of the EMTICS study \cite{Garcia-Delgar2022}. Males had more severe symptoms than females, except for emotional problems. There was also a statistically significant interaction between sex and age on the severity of tics and compulsions, with females showing higher symptom severity with increasing age than males.
Group from the University of Calgary examined clinical phenomenology in males and females with tics based on the Pediatric Tic Registry \cite{Girgis2022}. When comparing both groups, females had more severe motor tics, had higher global severity on the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale. While males were more frequently diagnosed with ADHD, females had significantly higher scores on the Children's Depression Inventory.
Video-recordings of 156 patients with TS were assessed for tic duration \cite{Baizabal-Carvallo2022}. Dystonic tics were longer lasting than tonic tics. Furthermore, patients with dystonic tics has older age of onset, older age at evaluation, greater tic severity, more complex tics, and increased risk for being considered for deep brain stimuation than patients with tonic tics.