Conclusion
In conclusion, the study found that socio-demographic characteristics were important in post-traumatic growth. The study also determined that the importance given to “preventive public health measures” increased after the pandemic. It is recommended to conduct further research in the context of different cultures and different samples.
REFERENCES
1. Şirin H, Özkan S. COVID-19 Epidemiology: In the World and Turkey. Journal of Ear Nose Throat and Head Neck Surgery. 2020;28:6-13.
2. Aslan R. Endemic Diseases in History and Today and COVID-19. Lake District Monthly Journal of Economy and Culture. 2020;8(85):35-41.
3. McMichael TM. COVID-19 in a long-term care facility—King County, Washington, February 27–March 9, 2020. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2020;69.
4. Bostan S, Erdem R, Öztürk YE, Kılıç T, Yılmaz A. The Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Turkish Society. Electronic Journal of General Medicine. 2020;17(6).
5. McKibbin WJ, Fernando R. The global macroeconomic impacts of COVID-19: Seven scenarios. 2020.
6. Shakespeare-Finch J, Bowen-Salter H, Cashin M, Badawi A, Wells R, Rosenbaum S, et al. COVID-19: An Australian Perspective. Journal of Loss and Trauma. 2020;25(8):662-72.
7. Davidson H. First COVID-19 case happened in November, China government records show-report. The Guardian. 2020;13.
8. Mak IWC, Chu CM, Pan PC, Yiu MGC, Chan VL. Long-term psychiatric morbidities among SARS survivors. General hospital psychiatry. 2009;31(4):318-26.
9. Chua SE, Cheung V, McAlonan GM, Cheung C, Wong JW, Cheung EP, et al. Stress and Psychological Impact on SARS Patients During the Outbreak. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2004;49(6):385-90.
10. Calhoun LG, Tedeschi RG. Facilitating posttraumatic growth: A clinician’s guide: Routledge; 1999.
11. Calhoun LG, Tedeschi RG. AUTHORS’RESPONSE:” The Foundations of Posttraumatic Growth: New Considerations”. Psychological inquiry. 2004;15(1):93-102.
12. Guo Y-J, Chen C-H, Lu M-L, Tan HK-L, Lee H-W, Wang T-N. Posttraumatic stress disorder among professional and non-professional rescuers involved in an earthquake in Taiwan. Psychiatry research. 2004;127(1-2):35-41.
13. Karanci NA, Acarturk. Post-traumatic growth among Marmara earthquake survivors involved in disaster preparedness as volunteers. Traumatology. 2005;11(4):307-23.
14. Kanat BB, Özpolat AGY. Posttraumatic Growth Concept in Cancer Patients. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory. 2016;7(4):106-10.
15. Nenova M, DuHamel K, Zemon V, Rini C, Redd WH. Posttraumatic Growth, Social Support, and Social Constraint in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Survivors. Psycho‐oncology. 2013;22(1):195-202.
16. Özçetin YSÜ, Hiçdurmaz D. Posttraumatic Growth and Resilience in Cancer Experience. Current Approaches in Psychiatry. 2017;9(4):388-97.
17. Sarısoy G. Examination of the Degree of Post-traumatic Growth and Predictors of Post-traumatic Growth in Breast Cancer Patients. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi; 2012.
18. Elçi Ö. The Predictive Level of Social Support, Stress Level and Coping Strategies in Families of Children with Autism Post-traumatic Growth and Burnout. Ankara: Middle East Technical University; 2004.
19. Duman N. Posttraumatic Growth and Development. International Journal of Afro-Eurasian Research (IJAR). 2019;4(7):178-84.
20. Aktürk Z, Acemoğlu H. Reliability and Validity in Medical Research. Dicle Medical Journal. 2012;39(2):316-9.
21. Karataş Z. Social Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic, Change and Empowerment. Turkey Journal of Social Service Research. 2020;4(1):3-17.
22. Kalayci S. SPSS uygulamali çok degiskenli istatistik teknikleri. Ankara: Asil Yayin Dagitim. 2005.
23. Durmuş B, Yurtkoru E, Çinko M. Data Analysis with SPSS in Social Sciences.: Istanbul. Beta Publications; 2013.
24. İnci F, Boztepe H. Post traumatic growth: If Something not killing could be strengthened? Journal of Psychiatric Nursing. 2013;4(2):80-4.
25. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. The lancet. 2020.
26. Polverino F. Cigarette Smoking and COVID-19: A Complex Interaction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;202(3):471-2.
27. Zhang J-j, Dong X, Cao Y-y, Yuan Y-d, Yang Y-b, Yan Y-q, et al. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 in Wuhan, China. Allergy. 2020.
28. Lippi G, Plebani M. Laboratory abnormalities in patients with COVID-2019 infection. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM). 2020;58(7):1131-4.
29. Guan W-j, Ni Z-y, Hu Y, Liang W-h, Ou C-q, He J-x, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. New England journal of medicine. 2020;382(18):1708-20.
30. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Jama. 2020;323(13):1239-42.
31. Onder G, Rezza G, Brusaferro S. Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy. Jama. 2020;323(18):1775-6.
32. Shen K, Yang Y, Wang T, Zhao D, Jiang Y, Jin R, et al. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children: experts’ consensus statement. World journal of pediatrics. 2020:1-9.
33. Aslan R. How Does COVID 19 Effect Physiology And Psychology? Journal of Ayrıntı. 2020;8(88):47-53.
34. Bandelow B, Michaelis S. Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience. 2015;17(3):327.
35. Wu W, Zhang Y, Wang P, Zhang L, Wang G, Lei G, et al. Psychological stress of medical staffs during outbreak of COVID‐19 and adjustment strategy. Journal of Medical Virology. 2020.
36. Kardaş F, Tanhan F. Van depremini yaşayan üniversite öğrencilerinin travma sonrası stres, travma sonrası büyüme ve umutsuzluk düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 2018;15(1):1-36.
37. COVID TC, Team R. Severe Outcomes Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-United States, February 12-March 16, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(12):343-6.
38. Guo J, Fu M, Xing J, Qu Z, Wang X. Coping style and posttraumatic growth among adult survivors 8 years after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. Personality and Individual Differences. 2017;111:31-6.
39. Bleich A, Gelkopf M, Solomon Z. Exposure to terrorism, stress-related mental health symptoms, and coping behaviors among a nationally representative sample in Israel. Jama. 2003;290(5):612-20.
40. Butler LD, Blasey CM, Garlan RW, McCaslin SE, Azarow J, Chen X-H, et al. Posttraumatic Growth Following the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001: Cognitive, Coping, and Trauma Symptom Predictors in an Internet Convenience Sample. Traumatology. 2005;11(4):247-67.
41. Arıcı Özcan N, Arslan R. The Mediating Role of Perceived Social Support And Spirituality in The Relationship Between Posttraumatic Stress Level and Posttraumatic Growth. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences. 2020;19(73):299-314.
42. Tedeschi RG, Calhoun LG. ” Posttraumatic Growth: Conceptual Foundations and Empirical Evidence”. Psychological Inquiry. 2004;15(1):1-18.
43. Martin L, Byrnes M, McGarry S, Rea S, Wood F. Posttraumatic growth after burn in adults: An integrative literature review. Burns. 2017;43(3):459-70.
44. Zhou X, Wu X. The relationship between rumination, posttraumatic stress disorder, and posttraumatic growth among Chinese adolescents after earthquake: A longitudinal study. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2016;193:242-8.
45. Calhoun LG, Cann A, Tedeschi RG. The posttraumatic growth model: Sociocultural considerations. 2010.
46. Calhoun LG, Tedeschi RG. The foundations of posttraumatic growth: An expanded framework. Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice. 2006:3-23.
47. Schilling W, Callery J, Taylor W, Mukaka M, Ekkapongpisit M, Watson J, et al. Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine prevention of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in the healthcare setting; protocol for a randomised, placebo-controlled prophylaxis study (COPCOV). Wellcome Open Research. 2020;5(241):241.
48. Nelson SM, Lee-Winn AE. The mental turmoil of hospital nurses in the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. 2020.
Table 1: Some characteristics of the participants (N = 106)