Photocathode Co-catalyst Electrolyte Product FE (%) Ref
pn+-Si RA-Au film 0.2M KHCO3 CO 91 90
ZnTe/ZnO-nanowire Au NPs 0.5M KHCO3 CO 97 91
TiO2/n+p- Si Au NPs 0.1M KHCO3 CO 86 92
p-Si photocathode Particulate Ag film 0.5M KHCO3 CO 90 93
p-Si nanowire Sn NPs 0.1M KHCO3 HCOO- 88 94
p-Si photocathode Bi film 0.5M KHCO3 HCOO- 90 95
p-0Si nanowire arrays Ni@In core-shell 0.1M KHCO3 HCOO- 8 96
Cu2O photocathode Cu3(BTC)2 4M NaOH CO 95 97
Co3o4 NTs arrays Cu NPs 0.1M Na2SO4 HCOO- production rate of 6.75 mmol·L–1·cm–2 98