2.3 Research questions
In medical field, research questions are based on high level of unanimity given defined healthcare cases. The formulation of research questions is based on evidence gathered from scoping and systematic literature reviews. Scoping reviews are used to mapping broad topics, identify knowledge gaps, scope a body of literature, clarify concepts, investigate research conduct, or to inform a SLR (Munn et al., 2018; Pham et al., 2014). These are part of the evidence-based guidelines (EBG) and Model Process and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework for developing, implementing, and evaluating EBGs in the prehospital care setting (Patterson et al., 2017). Similar models and processes for formulating research questions are developing in IS with digital health reshaping how healthcare is delivered and their evaluations using gold standards such as randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to determine how efficacious with evidence these systems are for scaling and implementation/adoption. See for example, Fatehi, Smith, Maeder, Wade, and Gray (2017). We see the use of common IS products in various service and production industries. Similar approaches could be used for formulating relevant questions for research in IS.