Genetic diversity of microsatellite and mitochondrial markers
We genotyped 128 and 113 individuals at microsatellites and cytb ,
respectively, for analyses (Table S3-S5). All 12 microsatellite loci
utilized in our study were polymorphic and demonstrated moderate to high
polymorphism (mean PIC = 0.51, ranging from 0.11-0.75; Table S6). Only
two of the 12 loci significantly deviated from Hardy–Weinberg
equilibrium, with a low frequency of null alleles for all loci (mean =
0.03, ranging from 0-0.09). All summary statistics are provided in Table
S6.
Overall genetic diversity for cytb was low (Hd=0.393;
pi=0.00036). We detected four cytb haplotypes, with only 1-2
basepair (bp) differences among haplotypes (Table S5), including the one
haplotype (FCN3) downloaded from NCBI that was not detected among our
tissue samples. No clear geographic pattern to haplotype occurrences was
found, with the two predominant haplotypes (PbTaiC1 and PbTaiC2)
displaying comparable proportions across all geographic regions (Fig.
S1). All neutrality tests, including
Tajimas’D , as well as Fu and Li’s F and D , were
non-significant (p > 0.1), indicating no selection
or abrupt changes in population size.