Genetic diversity of microsatellite and mitochondrial markers
We genotyped 128 and 113 individuals at microsatellites and cytb , respectively, for analyses (Table S3-S5). All 12 microsatellite loci utilized in our study were polymorphic and demonstrated moderate to high polymorphism (mean PIC = 0.51, ranging from 0.11-0.75; Table S6). Only two of the 12 loci significantly deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, with a low frequency of null alleles for all loci (mean = 0.03, ranging from 0-0.09). All summary statistics are provided in Table S6.
Overall genetic diversity for cytb was low (Hd=0.393; pi=0.00036). We detected four cytb haplotypes, with only 1-2 basepair (bp) differences among haplotypes (Table S5), including the one haplotype (FCN3) downloaded from NCBI that was not detected among our tissue samples. No clear geographic pattern to haplotype occurrences was found, with the two predominant haplotypes (PbTaiC1 and PbTaiC2) displaying comparable proportions across all geographic regions (Fig. S1). All neutrality tests, including Tajimas’D , as well as Fu and Li’s F and D , were non-significant (p > 0.1), indicating no selection or abrupt changes in population size.