Genetic differentiation revealed by microsatellites and mitochondrial sequences. (a) Results of DAPC and STRUCTURE. Colors represent the assignment probabilities of individuals to certain cluster memberships. DAPC results (top) are shown with values of C=2 and C=3. Plots from STRUCTURE with values of K=2 to 3 show that genetic structure is roughly coincident with geographic populations. (b) Results of the sPCA that visualized using lagged principal scores from the first global axis with specific interpolated coordinates. Sampling sites added to the map. (c) Pairwise FST between populations. All values are significant (p < 0.05). (d) Median-joining haplotype network of cytb haplotypes (1,140 bp) and assigned populations. Colors of haplotypes represent the geographic groups; sizes of dots denote the number of specific haplotypes.