Study area
Forty-nine localities were sampled between May 2012 and September 2015 throughout the southern half of Senegal (between 12.40° and 15.20°N, and 12° and 17.30°W). They are listed in Table 1 with their geographic coordinates (see also Fig. 1). In terms of human population, they range between a few hundreds to around 500,000 inhabitants (Rufisque) and accordingly, they were sampled during periods ranging between 2 and 21 days. They can be grouped in nine areas/locality as follows: North of the Gambia, the “Petite Côte ” area along the Atlantic coast south of Dakar, and the “Kaolack-Tambacounda” axis along National Road (NR) 1; South of the Gambia along NR 6, “Basse Casamance ” in the West and “Haute Casamance ” in the East; from the main city of Tambacounda , lying at the crossroad of National Roads 1, 6 and 7, the “Tambacounda-Kidira” axis along NR1 to the Senegal-Mali border; South of this last axis, the relatively landlocked “Boundou” area, and along the Senegal-Mauritania border, the “Bakel” ; in the extreme southeast, the “Kédougou” area. These areas are delimited in Fig. S1 with included localities (see also Table 1).