The participants in the study consisted of 103 graduate students, comprising 67 males and 36 females. These students were recruited from various academic institutions and disciplines to ensure a diverse sample. The inclusion criteria for participation were being enrolled as a graduate student at the time of the study and being willing to complete the questionnaire measures.
Participants were recruited through convenience sampling methods, such as posting recruitment notices on university bulletin boards, emailing invitations to graduate student mailing lists, and using social media platforms. All participants provided informed consent before participating in the study, and they were assured of the confidentiality and anonymity of their responses.