Quality assessment
The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the quality of studies25; studies were scored according to three variables regarding the study population representativeness, comparability, and ascertainment of exposure/outcome. As NOS was for cohort and case-control studies, an adapted version of NOS was created for cross-sectional studies. All studies were graded according to the original (maximum score, 9) and adapted versiona (maximum score, 10) of NOS. A detailed NOS assessment of all included studies is presented in Supplementary Table 3. We defined the NOS score of ≥7 points as good quality and <7 points as fair or poor quality.