TGF-β |
Reduced inflammation, pathological structural changes, , and
induce anti-inflammatory repair phenotype |
[55, 90,
91] |
PDGF |
Enhanced the cascade of tissue repair processes required for a
wound healing in vitro intestinal wound healing model. |
[90, 92,
93] |
IGF-1 |
Promoted the intestinal regenerative response after irradiation
injury. |
[55, 91, 94] |
FGF-10 |
Enhanced signaling through Fgfr2b receptor accelerated the
repair process after gut injury |
[95] |
Maresin and, resolvin-1 |
Secretory proteins pro-resolving lipid
mediators and pathways are involved in resolution phase of inflammation |
[96, 97] |
MIF and its receptor CD74 |
Enhanced intestinal epithelial cell
regeneration, healing, and maintaining mucosal barrier integrity |
[52] |
ICAM-1 |
Role in macrophage efferocytosis and wound healing |
[98] |
MMP-10 |
Extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes, moderating scar
formation during wound repair was been demonstrated. |
[99] |
IL-33* |
Enhanced activation of wound healing macrophages |
[99] |
IL-1ra |
Enhance the mRNA expression of COX-2, iNOS, CINC-1, HGF, and
bFGF, thereby contribute to gastric ulcer healing in vivo. |
[100,
101] |
IL-10* |
Reduced inflammation, pathological structural changes, and
induce anti-inflammatory repair phenotype |
[102,
103] |
miRNAs let-7c, miR-124 and miR-223 |
Reported to promote M2 macrophage
polarization and suppresses M1 polarization |
[104,
105] |
miR-155 |
Central role in alternative M2 skewing in cardiac injury and
colitis |
[106, 107] |
M2 macrophage-derived exosome miR-590–3p |
Reduced colonic
inflammation, strengthening mucosal healing, elevated survival in
DSS-induced colitis in mice and in Radiation-induced gastrointestinal
syndrome. |
[108, 109] |
sTREM2 |
Enhanced M2 phenotype and preserve macrophage pool after
inflammatory insults |
[110] |
Lysophosphatidic acid and Sphingosine 1-phosphate |
Role in
monocyte–macrophage system during wound healing and formation of
atherosclerosis. |
[111, 112] |
COX2 |
Potentiates efferocytosis and facilitates macrophage intestinal
epithelial repair capacity |
[113] |
Exosomes TGF-β, IGF-I and VEGF |
Reduced intestinal inflammation and
enhance tissue repair, which represents an innovative treatment of IBD. |
[55] |