Mediators Functions References
TGF-β Reduced inflammation, pathological structural changes, , and induce anti-inflammatory repair phenotype [55, 90, 91]
PDGF Enhanced the cascade of tissue repair processes required for a wound healing in vitro intestinal wound healing model. [90, 92, 93]
IGF-1 Promoted the intestinal regenerative response after irradiation injury. [55, 91, 94]
FGF-10 Enhanced signaling through Fgfr2b receptor accelerated the repair process after gut injury [95]
Maresin and, resolvin-1 Secretory proteins pro-resolving lipid mediators and pathways are involved in resolution phase of inflammation [96, 97]
MIF and its receptor CD74 Enhanced intestinal epithelial cell regeneration, healing, and maintaining mucosal barrier integrity [52]
ICAM-1 Role in macrophage efferocytosis and wound healing [98]
MMP-10 Extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes, moderating scar formation during wound repair was been demonstrated. [99]
IL-33* Enhanced activation of wound healing macrophages [99]
IL-1ra Enhance the mRNA expression of COX-2, iNOS, CINC-1, HGF, and bFGF, thereby contribute to gastric ulcer healing in vivo. [100, 101]
IL-10* Reduced inflammation, pathological structural changes, and induce anti-inflammatory repair phenotype [102, 103]
miRNAs let-7c, miR-124 and miR-223 Reported to promote M2 macrophage polarization and suppresses M1 polarization [104, 105]
miR-155 Central role in alternative M2 skewing in cardiac injury and colitis [106, 107]
M2 macrophage-derived exosome miR-590–3p Reduced colonic inflammation, strengthening mucosal healing, elevated survival in DSS-induced colitis in mice and in Radiation-induced gastrointestinal syndrome. [108, 109]
sTREM2 Enhanced M2 phenotype and preserve macrophage pool after inflammatory insults [110]
Lysophosphatidic acid and Sphingosine 1-phosphate Role in monocyte–macrophage system during wound healing and formation of atherosclerosis. [111, 112]
COX2 Potentiates efferocytosis and facilitates macrophage intestinal epithelial repair capacity [113]
Exosomes TGF-β, IGF-I and VEGF Reduced intestinal inflammation and enhance tissue repair, which represents an innovative treatment of IBD. [55]